What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) and How Is Monoclonal Antibody Production Made? - Vitrosens Biotechnology - Human and Animal Health Rapid Test Kits

What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) and How Is Monoclonal Antibody Production Made?

24/04/2023

What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) and How Is Monoclonal Antibody Production Made?

What are Monoclonal Antibodies mAb and How Is Monoclonal Antibody Production Made

Monoclonal antibodies have a wide variety of appliances in diagnostics, disease treatment, and research. The development and production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) constitute a major step toward the advancement of personalized and precise therapeutics and diagnostics with regard to various diseases and conditions of concern. The theoretical basis for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) dates back to the concept of a “magic bullet,” engineered to selectively target a pathogen, bringing Ehrlich and Metchnikoff the 1908 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. In 1973, Schwaber described the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) utilizing human–mouse hybrid cells. These findings have led Köhler and Milstein to succeed in fusing myeloma cell lines with B cells to create hybridomas that could produce antibodies that are specific to particular antigens. This discovery won the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. In 1986, the first monoclonal antibody drug for human use was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Further research has brought about techniques to humanize monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to reduce the host reactions that monoclonal antibodies induced in some patients in 1988. Since then, significant progress has been made to provide more precise and effective therapeutics and diagnostics with monoclonal antibodies. Read along to learn more about monoclonal antibodies (mAb), their production, and appliances.

What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)?

What are Monoclonal Antibodies mAb

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are laboratory-produced molecules deliberately engineered to function as substitute antibodies with the ability to restore, enhance, modify, or mimic the natural immune response against cells that are not wanted in the body, such as pathogens and cancer cells. In contrast to polyclonal antibodies, which bind to multiple epitopes and are produced by various lineages of antibody-secreting plasma cells, monoclonal antibodies originate from a single unique parent white blood cell that is cloned to produce a cell lineage.  They also often have monovalent affinity, which indicates that they can only bind to a certain epitope. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) records, more than 500 types of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been reported as of 2017.

How are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) Produced?

How are Monoclonal Antibodies mAb Produced

The main production process for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is based on the hybridoma technique introduced by Köhler and Milstein in 1975. The process first requires the immunization of an animal with antigen protein to induce the production of antibodies specific to an antigen of interest. Next, the resulting antibody-secreting B cells are isolated and fused with myeloma cells to generate hybridomas. Specific hybridomas are then selected via HAT media or ELISA and expanded to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In order to minimize unwanted host reactions and maximize immunogenic efficacy, researchers have developed methods to transform rodent-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAb) into structures more similar to human antibodies without impairing their binding properties.

 How do monoclonal antibodies (mAb) work?

How do monoclonal antibodies mAb work

The principle behind the function of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is modeled after humoral immunity that is induced in response to foreign antigen exposure. Similar to humoral antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are engineered to have high specificity and affinity for the specific antigen or molecule that they were induced against. In oncology, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are also applied to target malignant cells and generate immune-mediated cell destruction through a wide array of mechanisms. For example, different types of monoclonal antibodies may help flag malignant cells, induce cell-membrane destruction, block malignant cell growth, prevent blood vessel growth, reduce immune system inhibitors, deliver anti-cancer treatments, connect malignant cells with other immune system cells, or directly attack cancerous tumors.

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)?

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies mAb

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions of importance to human health, such as infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been engineered, they can be utilized to detect the presence of this substance. Thus, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can be utilized for the detection of the markers of various infections and conditions. In addition, they can function as probes for the identification of the optimal materials in laboratories and different forms of test kits. Monoclonal antibodies have also been used widely in the detection and treatment of cancers. Enabling the detection of cancer-cell-specific antigens and the generation of an immune response only against cancer cells, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) allowed for personalized and precise treatment with minimal side effects. These antibodies have also been modulated to deliver certain toxins, radioisotopes, cytokines, or similar active conjugates to the targeted cells. Finally, they can be designed as bispecific antibodies to connect the target antigens with a specific conjugate or effector cell for the generation of a more effective immune response against cancer activity or infection. In addition to cancers, monoclonal antibodies have been applied to the detection and treatment of a wide variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, allergies, infections, nervous system disorders, and other important conditions such as osteoporosis, migraines, high cholesterol, and organ transplant rejection.

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Vitrosens Biotechnology is a high-tech company in Turkey founded for the development, manufacture, and delivery of in vitro diagnostic devices (IVD) to the world.
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